diff --git a/src/utils/constants.ts b/src/utils/constants.ts
index 2375098ae..a1e2ecb72 100644
--- a/src/utils/constants.ts
+++ b/src/utils/constants.ts
@@ -64,6 +64,15 @@ export const SystemUserSocialTypeEnum = {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * 用户性别枚举（对齐后端 system_user_sex 字典）
+ */
+export const SystemUserSexEnum = {
+  UNKNOWN: 0, // 未知
+  MALE: 1, // 男
+  FEMALE: 2 // 女
+}
+
 // ========== INFRA 模块 ==========
 /**
  * 代码生成模板类型
diff --git a/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageHistory.vue b/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageHistory.vue
index 61b35700a..b95944564 100644
--- a/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageHistory.vue
+++ b/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageHistory.vue
@@ -139,25 +139,22 @@
 
       <!-- 消息列表 -->
       <div class="flex-1 overflow-y-auto">
-        <template
-          v-for="message in currentList"
-          :key="message.id || message.clientMessageId"
-        >
+        <template v-for="message in currentList" :key="message.id || message.clientMessageId">
           <!-- 好友会话事件（FRIEND_ADD / FRIEND_DELETE）：居中灰色，不挂头像 / sender，
                跟主聊天面板里 MessageItem 的渲染语义对齐 -->
           <div
             v-if="isFriendChatTip(message.type)"
             class="px-4 py-3 text-12px text-center italic text-[var(--el-text-color-secondary)] border-b border-[var(--el-border-color-lighter)]"
           >
-            {{ resolveFriendNotificationText(message) }}
+            <TipSegments :segments="resolveFriendNotificationSegments(message)" />
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 群广播事件文案：跟好友事件同灰色样式 -->
+          <!-- 群广播事件：跟好友事件同灰色样式，mention 段挂点击弹 UserInfoCard -->
           <div
             v-else-if="isGroupNotification(message.type)"
             class="px-4 py-3 text-12px text-center italic text-[var(--el-text-color-secondary)] border-b border-[var(--el-border-color-lighter)]"
           >
-            {{ resolveGroupNotificationText(message) }}
+            <TipSegments :segments="resolveGroupNotificationSegments(message)" />
           </div>
 
           <!-- 普通消息行 -->
@@ -194,12 +191,12 @@
               </div>
 
               <div class="mt-1.5">
-                <!-- 撤回：单独走灰色 tip 文案，不渲染气泡 -->
+                <!-- 撤回：单独走灰色 tip，sender 名段可点击 -->
                 <div
                   v-if="message.type === ImMessageType.RECALL"
                   class="text-sm italic text-[var(--el-text-color-secondary)]"
                 >
-                  {{ recallTipOf(message) }}
+                  <TipSegments :segments="recallTipSegmentsOf(message)" />
                 </div>
                 <!-- 其它类型走 MessageBubble 复用主聊天气泡 -->
                 <MessageBubble
@@ -256,10 +253,15 @@ import {
   getMemberDisplayName,
   getSenderDisplayName,
   getSenderRealNickname,
+  resolveFriendNotificationSegments,
   resolveFriendNotificationText,
-  resolveGroupNotificationText
+  resolveGroupNotificationSegments
 } from '@/views/im/utils/user'
-import { buildFacePreviewText, buildRecallTip } from '@/views/im/utils/conversation'
+import {
+  buildFacePreviewText,
+  buildRecallTip,
+  buildRecallTipSegments
+} from '@/views/im/utils/conversation'
 import { useMessagePuller } from '@/views/im/home/composables/useMessagePuller'
 import { useVoicePlayer } from '@/views/im/home/composables/useVoicePlayer'
 import {
@@ -281,6 +283,7 @@ import type { Message } from '@/views/im/home/types'
 import UserAvatar from '../../../../components/user/UserAvatar.vue'
 import MessageBubble from './MessageBubble.vue'
 import GroupMember, { type GroupMemberLite } from '../../../../components/group/GroupMember.vue'
+import TipSegments from './TipSegments.vue'
 
 defineOptions({ name: 'ImMessageHistory' })
 
@@ -332,7 +335,17 @@ function senderRealNicknameOf(message: Message): string {
 function recallTipOf(message: Message): string {
   return buildRecallTip(
     message.senderId,
-    !!message.selfSend,
+    message.selfSend,
+    conversation.value?.type ?? 0,
+    conversation.value?.targetId ?? 0
+  )
+}
+
+/** 单条撤回消息的 tip segments：sender 名段挂可点击 mention */
+function recallTipSegmentsOf(message: Message) {
+  return buildRecallTipSegments(
+    message.senderId,
+    message.selfSend,
     conversation.value?.type ?? 0,
     conversation.value?.targetId ?? 0
   )
@@ -392,7 +405,11 @@ const filterChipLabel = computed(() => {
 
 /** 点 tab 落筛选；同 kind 重复点击 → 当 toggle 关掉（避免迷惑） */
 function setFilter(filter: ActiveFilter) {
-  if (activeFilter.value?.kind === filter.kind && filter.kind !== 'date' && filter.kind !== 'member') {
+  if (
+    activeFilter.value?.kind === filter.kind &&
+    filter.kind !== 'date' &&
+    filter.kind !== 'member'
+  ) {
     activeFilter.value = null
     return
   }
@@ -552,11 +569,7 @@ async function loadEarlier() {
     }
     // 4. 合并到 conversationStore：prependMessages 内部去重 + 升序合并 + 落 IndexedDB；
     //    主聊天面板的 messages 是同一份引用，老消息也会一起出现在主面板里（符合预期）
-    conversationStore.prependMessages(
-      conversation.value.type,
-      conversation.value.targetId,
-      earlier
-    )
+    conversationStore.prependMessages(conversation.value.type, conversation.value.targetId, earlier)
   } finally {
     loadingMore.value = false
   }
@@ -599,9 +612,7 @@ function getAvatar(message: Message): string {
   }
   if (isGroup.value) {
     const group = groupStore.getGroup(conversation.value.targetId)
-    return (
-      group?.members?.find((member) => member.userId === message.senderId)?.avatar || ''
-    )
+    return group?.members?.find((member) => member.userId === message.senderId)?.avatar || ''
   }
   return conversation.value.avatar || ''
 }
@@ -650,7 +661,6 @@ function locateMessage(messageId: number) {
   emit('locate', messageId)
   visible.value = false
 }
-
 </script>
 
 <style scoped>
diff --git a/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageItem.vue b/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageItem.vue
index b5b34a1e3..5e7c28aa9 100644
--- a/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageItem.vue
+++ b/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/MessageItem.vue
@@ -12,23 +12,23 @@
     v-if="isFriendChatTipMessage"
     class="flex items-center justify-center px-4 py-2 text-12px text-[var(--el-text-color-secondary)]"
   >
-    {{ friendChatTipText }}
+    <TipSegments :segments="friendChatTipSegments" />
   </div>
 
-  <!-- 群广播事件：跟好友事件同灰色样式，文案按 type 拼装 -->
+  <!-- 群广播事件：跟好友事件同灰色样式，mention 段挂点击弹 UserInfoCard -->
   <div
     v-else-if="isGroupNotificationMessage"
     class="flex items-center justify-center px-4 py-2 text-12px text-[var(--el-text-color-secondary)]"
   >
-    {{ groupNotificationText }}
+    <TipSegments :segments="groupNotificationSegments" />
   </div>
 
-  <!-- 撤回消息：整行展示灰色 tip 文案 -->
+  <!-- 撤回消息：整行灰色 tip，sender 名段可点击 -->
   <div
     v-else-if="isRecall"
     class="flex items-center justify-center px-4 py-2 text-12px text-[var(--el-text-color-secondary)]"
   >
-    {{ recallTip }}
+    <TipSegments :segments="recallTipSegments" />
   </div>
 
   <!-- 普通消息气泡 -->
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@
 
 <script lang="ts" setup>
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue'
+import { useClipboard } from '@vueuse/core'
 import Icon from '@/components/Icon/src/Icon.vue'
 import { useMessage } from '@/hooks/web/useMessage'
 import { ElMessageBox } from 'element-plus'
@@ -173,9 +174,11 @@ import {
   buildQuoteFromMessage,
   extractAddableFace,
   getQuoteFromMessage,
-  type CardMessage
+  parseMessage,
+  type CardMessage,
+  type TextMessage
 } from '@/views/im/utils/message'
-import { buildRecallTip } from '@/views/im/utils/conversation'
+import { buildRecallTipSegments } from '@/views/im/utils/conversation'
 import { formatTimeTip } from '@/views/im/utils/time'
 import { useUserStore } from '@/store/modules/user'
 import { useConversationStore } from '../../../../store/conversationStore'
@@ -187,8 +190,8 @@ import {
   getMemberDisplayName,
   getSenderDisplayName,
   getSenderRealNickname,
-  resolveFriendNotificationText,
-  resolveGroupNotificationText
+  resolveFriendNotificationSegments,
+  resolveGroupNotificationSegments
 } from '@/views/im/utils/user'
 import { useImUiStore } from '../../../../store/uiStore'
 import { useMessageSender } from '../../../../composables/useMessageSender'
@@ -197,6 +200,7 @@ import { useMuteOverlay } from '../../../../composables/useMuteOverlay'
 import type { Message } from '../../../../types'
 import MessageReadStatus from './MessageReadStatus.vue'
 import ReplyPreview from './ReplyPreview.vue'
+import TipSegments from './TipSegments.vue'
 import UserAvatar from '../../../../components/user/UserAvatar.vue'
 import MessageBubble from './MessageBubble.vue'
 import { IM_FORWARD_DIALOG_KEY, IM_MERGE_DETAIL_DIALOG_KEY } from './forward/keys'
@@ -234,6 +238,8 @@ const { uploadAndSendMedia } = useMediaUploader()
 const muteOverlay = useMuteOverlay()
 // 仅用 confirm，避免 message 跟 props.message 同名冲突（vue/no-dupe-keys）
 const { confirm: confirmDialog, success: successMessage } = useMessage()
+// legacy:true 兼容 HTTP 环境，没有 navigator.clipboard 时降级到 execCommand
+const { copy: copyToClipboard } = useClipboard({ legacy: true })
 
 // ==================== 消息类型判断 ====================
 
@@ -259,10 +265,10 @@ const isMerge = computed(() => props.message.type === ImMessageType.MERGE)
 /** 是否已撤回：pull / WS 两路都会调 recallMessage 把原消息更新为 type=RECALL，渲染只需识别 type */
 const isRecall = computed(() => props.message.type === ImMessageType.RECALL)
 
-/** 撤回提示文案：buildRecallTip 实时算 sender 名（按 conversation 上下文走 WeChat 优先级） */
-const recallTip = computed(() => {
+/** 撤回提示 segments：依赖 activeConversation 实时算 sender 名 */
+const recallTipSegments = computed(() => {
   const conversation = conversationStore.activeConversation
-  return buildRecallTip(
+  return buildRecallTipSegments(
     props.message.senderId,
     props.message.selfSend,
     conversation?.type ?? 0,
@@ -273,14 +279,14 @@ const recallTip = computed(() => {
 /** 是否会话内好友事件气泡（FRIEND_ADD / FRIEND_DELETE） */
 const isFriendChatTipMessage = computed(() => isFriendChatTip(props.message.type))
 
-/** 好友事件文案：FRIEND_ADD / FRIEND_DELETE 渲染成灰色提示，文案固定 */
-const friendChatTipText = computed(() => resolveFriendNotificationText(props.message))
+/** 好友事件 segments */
+const friendChatTipSegments = computed(() => resolveFriendNotificationSegments(props.message))
 
 /** 是否群广播事件（GROUP_CREATE..GROUP_BANNED 段位，排除 GROUP_MEMBER_SETTING_UPDATE 个人信号） */
 const isGroupNotificationMessage = computed(() => isGroupNotification(props.message.type))
 
-/** 群广播事件文案：按 type 拼装（成员加入 / 退群 / 公告变更等） */
-const groupNotificationText = computed(() => resolveGroupNotificationText(props.message))
+/** 群广播事件 segments */
+const groupNotificationSegments = computed(() => resolveGroupNotificationSegments(props.message))
 
 // ==================== 消息内容解析 / payload ====================
 
@@ -446,6 +452,7 @@ const isAtMe = computed(() => {
 
 /** 右键菜单 key 常量；push 端和分发端从同一处取，typo 编译期就能抓 */
 const MENU_KEYS = {
+  COPY: 'COPY',
   REPLY: 'REPLY',
   FORWARD: 'FORWARD',
   MULTI_SELECT: 'MULTI_SELECT',
@@ -489,6 +496,14 @@ async function handleContextMenu(e: MouseEvent) {
     danger?: boolean
     icon?: string
   }> = []
+  // 「复制」：仅文本消息支持；放在第一项，对齐微信桌面右键习惯
+  if (props.message.type === ImMessageType.TEXT) {
+    items.push({
+      key: MENU_KEYS.COPY,
+      name: '复制',
+      icon: 'ant-design:copy-outlined'
+    })
+  }
   // 「引用」：已落库（id≠0）+ 未撤回 + 非合并转发；MERGE 内嵌快照在引用预览里无法降级展示
   if (!!props.message.id && !isRecall.value && !isMerge.value) {
     items.push({
@@ -584,6 +599,7 @@ async function handleContextMenu(e: MouseEvent) {
 
   // 把菜单渲染交给全局 uiStore（单例，避免每条消息都挂一份菜单 DOM）
   const menuHandlers: Record<MenuKey, () => void | Promise<void>> = {
+    [MENU_KEYS.COPY]: handleCopy,
     [MENU_KEYS.REPLY]: handleReply,
     [MENU_KEYS.FORWARD]: handleForward,
     [MENU_KEYS.MULTI_SELECT]: handleEnterMultiSelect,
@@ -707,6 +723,16 @@ async function handlePin() {
   } catch {}
 }
 
+/** 复制文本消息：解出 content 字段写入剪贴板，提示「内容已复制到剪贴板」 */
+async function handleCopy() {
+  const text = parseMessage<TextMessage>(props.message.content)?.content
+  if (!text) {
+    return
+  }
+  await copyToClipboard(text)
+  successMessage('内容已复制到剪贴板')
+}
+
 /** 进入引用模式：把当前消息构造成 QuoteMessage 写入 draftStore，MessageInput 顶部引用条响应式出现 */
 function handleReply() {
   const conversation = conversationStore.activeConversation
diff --git a/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/TipSegments.vue b/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/TipSegments.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19442321d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/views/im/home/pages/conversation/components/message/TipSegments.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<!--
+  会话内灰条 tip 片段渲染：依赖 activeConversation 推断点击落点的 addSource / 群名
+-->
+<template>
+  <template v-for="(segment, _index) in segments" :key="_index">
+    <span
+      v-if="segment.type === 'mention'"
+      class="cursor-pointer text-[#576b95] hover:underline"
+      @click.stop="handleMentionClick(segment, $event)"
+      >{{ segment.text }}</span
+    >
+    <span v-else>{{ segment.text }}</span>
+  </template>
+</template>
+
+<script lang="ts" setup>
+import { ImConversationType, ImFriendAddSource } from '@/views/im/utils/constants'
+import type { TipSegment } from '@/views/im/utils/message'
+import { getSenderAvatar } from '@/views/im/utils/user'
+import type { User } from '../../../../types'
+import { useConversationStore } from '../../../../store/conversationStore'
+import { useFriendStore } from '../../../../store/friendStore'
+import { useGroupStore } from '../../../../store/groupStore'
+import { useImUiStore } from '../../../../store/uiStore'
+
+defineOptions({ name: 'ImTipSegments' })
+
+defineProps<{
+  segments: TipSegment[]
+}>()
+
+/**
+ * nickname 不传 friend.displayName / member.displayUserName 等备注，避免 UserInfo 首屏闪非真实昵称；
+ * addSourceExtra 不用 conversation.name 兜底，conversation.name = groupRemark || group.name，
+ * 个人备注会污染加好友话术
+ */
+function handleMentionClick(
+  segment: { type: 'mention'; userId: number; text: string },
+  event: MouseEvent
+) {
+  const conversation = useConversationStore().activeConversation
+  const isGroup = conversation?.type === ImConversationType.GROUP
+  const group = isGroup ? useGroupStore().getGroup(conversation!.targetId) : undefined
+  const member = group?.members?.find((m) => m.userId === segment.userId)
+  const friend = useFriendStore().getFriend(segment.userId)
+  const user: User = {
+    id: segment.userId,
+    nickname: friend?.nickname || member?.nickname || segment.text,
+    avatar: getSenderAvatar(
+      segment.userId,
+      conversation?.type ?? 0,
+      conversation?.targetId ?? 0
+    )
+  }
+  useImUiStore().openUserInfoCardAtEvent(
+    user,
+    event,
+    isGroup ? ImFriendAddSource.GROUP : ImFriendAddSource.SEARCH,
+    isGroup ? group?.name || '' : ''
+  )
+}
+</script>
diff --git a/src/views/im/utils/conversation.ts b/src/views/im/utils/conversation.ts
index 230e1c424..572db6b5a 100644
--- a/src/views/im/utils/conversation.ts
+++ b/src/views/im/utils/conversation.ts
@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@ import { ImMessageType, isFriendChatTip, isGroupNotification } from './constants
 import {
   getCardLabelInfo,
   parseMessage,
+  segmentsToText,
+  tipMention,
+  tipText,
   type CardMessage,
   type FaceMessage,
   type FileMessage,
-  type TextMessage
+  type TextMessage,
+  type TipSegment
 } from './message'
 import {
   getSenderDisplayName,
@@ -47,6 +51,36 @@ export function buildFacePreviewText(facePayload: { name?: string } | null | und
   return facePayload?.name ? `[表情] ${facePayload.name}` : '[表情]'
 }
 
+/**
+ * 撤回提示 segments
+ *
+ * senderId 缺失时不挂 mention 段，避免点出错号；算不出真名降级为「对方」纯文本
+ */
+export function buildRecallTipSegments(
+  senderId: number,
+  selfSend: boolean,
+  conversationType: number,
+  conversationTargetId: number,
+  fallbackName?: string
+): TipSegment[] {
+  if (selfSend) {
+    return [tipText('你撤回了一条消息')]
+  }
+  const senderDisplayName = getSenderDisplayName(
+    senderId,
+    conversationType,
+    conversationTargetId,
+    fallbackName
+  )
+  if (!senderId) {
+    return [tipText(`${senderDisplayName || '对方'} 撤回了一条消息`)]
+  }
+  return [
+    tipMention(senderId, senderDisplayName || '对方'),
+    tipText(' 撤回了一条消息')
+  ]
+}
+
 /** 撤回提示文案：自己撤回固定文案，对方撤回带 sender 名（实时算 + fallbackName 兜底） */
 export function buildRecallTip(
   senderId: number,
@@ -55,16 +89,9 @@ export function buildRecallTip(
   conversationTargetId: number,
   fallbackName?: string
 ): string {
-  if (selfSend) {
-    return '你撤回了一条消息'
-  }
-  const senderDisplayName = getSenderDisplayName(
-    senderId,
-    conversationType,
-    conversationTargetId,
-    fallbackName
+  return segmentsToText(
+    buildRecallTipSegments(senderId, selfSend, conversationType, conversationTargetId, fallbackName)
   )
-  return `${senderDisplayName || '对方'} 撤回了一条消息`
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/views/im/utils/message.ts b/src/views/im/utils/message.ts
index e872cc977..4cd801220 100644
--- a/src/views/im/utils/message.ts
+++ b/src/views/im/utils/message.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,41 @@ export const generateClientMessageId = (): string => {
   return generateUUID()
 }
 
+// ==================== Tip 片段（灰条文案渲染用） ====================
+// 把"XX 邀请 YY 加入群聊""XX 撤回了一条消息"等 tip 文案拆成 segment 数组，
+// mention 段携带 userId，渲染层据此挂点击事件弹 UserInfoCard。
+
+export type TipSegment =
+  | { type: 'text'; text: string }
+  | { type: 'mention'; userId: number; text: string }
+
+export const tipText = (text: string): TipSegment => ({ type: 'text', text })
+
+export const tipMention = (userId: number, text: string): TipSegment => ({
+  type: 'mention',
+  userId,
+  text
+})
+
+export const segmentsToText = (segments: TipSegment[]): string =>
+  segments.map((s) => s.text).join('')
+
+/** 多个 userId 用同一个分隔符插值成 segments，每个 user 单独成 mention 段 */
+export function joinMentionSegments(
+  userIds: number[],
+  separator: string,
+  resolveName: (userId: number) => string
+): TipSegment[] {
+  const out: TipSegment[] = []
+  userIds.forEach((id, index) => {
+    if (index > 0) {
+      out.push(tipText(separator))
+    }
+    out.push(tipMention(id, resolveName(id)))
+  })
+  return out
+}
+
 // ==================== 引用消息 ====================
 
 /** 引用消息 payload(对齐后端 QuoteMessage) */
diff --git a/src/views/im/utils/user.ts b/src/views/im/utils/user.ts
index c81abe06e..067efe944 100644
--- a/src/views/im/utils/user.ts
+++ b/src/views/im/utils/user.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,16 @@
 // ====================================================================
 
 import { useUserStore } from '@/store/modules/user'
+import { SystemUserSexEnum } from '@/utils/constants'
 import { ImConversationType, ImMessageType } from './constants'
 import { getCurrentUserId } from './storage'
+import {
+  joinMentionSegments,
+  segmentsToText,
+  tipMention,
+  tipText,
+  type TipSegment
+} from './message'
 import { useFriendStore } from '../home/store/friendStore'
 import { useGroupStore } from '../home/store/groupStore'
 import type { Friend, Group } from '../home/types'
@@ -222,100 +230,148 @@ export type GroupNotificationPayload = {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * 群广播事件 segments
+ *
+ * resolveName 默认走 getSenderDisplayName，可注入自定义 resolver；
+ * operatorNameOverride 仅覆盖 operator 段文案，mention userId 仍用 payload.operatorUserId
+ */
+export function resolveGroupNotificationSegments(
+  message: { type?: number; content?: string; targetId?: number },
+  resolveName?: (userId: number) => string,
+  operatorNameOverride?: string
+): TipSegment[] {
+  let payload: GroupNotificationPayload = {}
+  try {
+    payload = JSON.parse(message.content || '{}')
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+  const resolve =
+    resolveName ||
+    ((id: number) => getSenderDisplayName(id, ImConversationType.GROUP, message.targetId ?? 0))
+
+  // ENTER 主语是 entrant 而非 operator，独立处理；其它 case 都以 operatorUserId 为主语
+  if (message.type === ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_ENTER) {
+    const entrantId = payload.entrantUserId ?? payload.operatorUserId
+    return entrantId ? [tipMention(entrantId, resolve(entrantId)), tipText(' 加入了群聊')] : []
+  }
+  if (!payload.operatorUserId) {
+    return []
+  }
+  const operatorSegment = tipMention(
+    payload.operatorUserId,
+    operatorNameOverride ?? resolve(payload.operatorUserId)
+  )
+  const memberSegments = joinMentionSegments(payload.memberUserIds || [], '、', resolve)
+
+  switch (message.type) {
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_CREATE:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 创建了群聊')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_NAME_UPDATE:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(` 将群名修改为 "${payload.newName ?? ''}"`)]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_NOTICE_UPDATE:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 更新了群公告')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_INFO_UPDATE:
+      return payload.newAvatar
+        ? [operatorSegment, tipText(' 更换了群头像')]
+        : [operatorSegment, tipText(' 更新了群信息')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_DISSOLVE:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 解散了群聊')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_INVITE:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 邀请 '), ...memberSegments, tipText(' 加入群聊')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_QUIT:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 退出了群聊')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_KICK:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 移出了 '), ...memberSegments]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_NICKNAME_UPDATE:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(` 修改群昵称为 "${payload.displayUserName ?? ''}"`)]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_ADMIN_ADD:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 将 '), ...memberSegments, tipText(' 设为管理员')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_ADMIN_REMOVE:
+      return [
+        operatorSegment,
+        tipText(' 撤销了 '),
+        ...memberSegments,
+        tipText(' 的管理员身份')
+      ]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_OWNER_TRANSFER:
+      return payload.newOwnerUserId
+        ? [
+            operatorSegment,
+            tipText(' 已将群主转让给 '),
+            tipMention(payload.newOwnerUserId, resolve(payload.newOwnerUserId))
+          ]
+        : []
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MESSAGE_PIN:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 置顶了一条消息')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MESSAGE_UNPIN:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 取消了一条置顶消息')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_MUTED:
+      return payload.mutedUserId
+        ? [
+            operatorSegment,
+            tipText(' 将 '),
+            tipMention(payload.mutedUserId, resolve(payload.mutedUserId)),
+            tipText(' 禁言')
+          ]
+        : []
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_CANCEL_MUTED:
+      return payload.mutedUserId
+        ? [
+            operatorSegment,
+            tipText(' 解除了 '),
+            tipMention(payload.mutedUserId, resolve(payload.mutedUserId)),
+            tipText(' 的禁言')
+          ]
+        : []
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MUTED:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 开启了全群禁言')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_CANCEL_MUTED:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(' 关闭了全群禁言')]
+    case ImMessageType.GROUP_BANNED:
+      return [operatorSegment, tipText(payload.banned ? ' 封禁了该群' : ' 解封了该群')]
+    default:
+      return []
+  }
+}
+
+/** 群广播事件中文文案 */
 export function resolveGroupNotificationText(
   message: { type?: number; content?: string; targetId?: number },
   resolveName?: (userId: number) => string,
   operatorNameOverride?: string
 ): string {
-  let payload: GroupNotificationPayload = {}
-  try {
-    payload = JSON.parse(message.content || '{}')
-  } catch {
-    return ''
-  }
-  const resolve =
-    resolveName ||
-    ((id: number) => getSenderDisplayName(id, ImConversationType.GROUP, message.targetId ?? 0))
-  const operatorName = payload.operatorUserId
-    ? (operatorNameOverride ?? resolve(payload.operatorUserId))
-    : ''
-  const memberNames = (payload.memberUserIds || []).map(resolve).join('、')
-  const newOwnerName = payload.newOwnerUserId ? resolve(payload.newOwnerUserId) : ''
+  return segmentsToText(
+    resolveGroupNotificationSegments(message, resolveName, operatorNameOverride)
+  )
+}
+
+/** 会话内好友事件 segments */
+export function resolveFriendNotificationSegments(message: {
+  type?: number
+}): TipSegment[] {
   switch (message.type) {
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_CREATE:
-      return `${operatorName} 创建了群聊`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_NAME_UPDATE:
-      return `${operatorName} 将群名修改为 "${payload.newName ?? ''}"`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_NOTICE_UPDATE:
-      return `${operatorName} 更新了群公告`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_INFO_UPDATE:
-      // 兜底事件：按非 null 字段优先匹配特化文案，全部为空时降级为 "更新了群信息" 通用文案
-      if (payload.newAvatar) {
-        return `${operatorName} 更换了群头像`
-      }
-      return `${operatorName} 更新了群信息`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_DISSOLVE:
-      return `${operatorName} 解散了群聊`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_INVITE:
-      return `${operatorName} 邀请 ${memberNames} 加入群聊`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_ENTER: {
-      // 自由进群 / 主动申请通过：操作人 = 进群者；文案统一展示「XX 加入了群聊」
-      const entrantName = payload.entrantUserId ? resolve(payload.entrantUserId) : operatorName
-      return `${entrantName} 加入了群聊`
-    }
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_QUIT:
-      return `${operatorName} 退出了群聊`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_KICK:
-      return `${operatorName} 移出了 ${memberNames}`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_NICKNAME_UPDATE:
-      return `${operatorName} 修改群昵称为 "${payload.displayUserName ?? ''}"`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_ADMIN_ADD:
-      return `${operatorName} 将 ${memberNames} 设为管理员`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_ADMIN_REMOVE:
-      return `${operatorName} 撤销了 ${memberNames} 的管理员身份`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_OWNER_TRANSFER:
-      return `${operatorName} 已将群主转让给 ${newOwnerName}`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MESSAGE_PIN:
-      return `${operatorName} 置顶了一条消息`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MESSAGE_UNPIN:
-      return `${operatorName} 取消了一条置顶消息`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_MUTED: {
-      const mutedName = payload.mutedUserId ? resolve(payload.mutedUserId) : ''
-      return `${operatorName} 将 ${mutedName} 禁言`
-    }
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MEMBER_CANCEL_MUTED: {
-      const mutedName = payload.mutedUserId ? resolve(payload.mutedUserId) : ''
-      return `${operatorName} 解除了 ${mutedName} 的禁言`
-    }
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_MUTED:
-      return `${operatorName} 开启了全群禁言`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_CANCEL_MUTED:
-      return `${operatorName} 关闭了全群禁言`
-    case ImMessageType.GROUP_BANNED:
-      return payload.banned ? `${operatorName} 封禁了该群` : `${operatorName} 解封了该群`
+    case ImMessageType.FRIEND_ADD:
+      return [tipText('你们已经是好友了，开始聊天吧')]
+    case ImMessageType.FRIEND_DELETE:
+      return [tipText('你已删除好友')]
     default:
-      return ''
+      return []
   }
 }
 
 /** 会话内好友事件文案：FRIEND_ADD / FRIEND_DELETE 渲染成灰色提示气泡，文案固定不依赖 payload */
 export function resolveFriendNotificationText(message: { type?: number }): string {
-  switch (message.type) {
-    case ImMessageType.FRIEND_ADD:
-      return '你们已经是好友了，开始聊天吧'
-    case ImMessageType.FRIEND_DELETE:
-      return '你已删除好友'
-    default:
-      return ''
-  }
+  return segmentsToText(resolveFriendNotificationSegments(message))
 }
 
-/** 性别图标：男 1 / 女 2，0 / null / undefined 一律不展示，对齐微信留白 */
+/** 性别图标；UNKNOWN / null / undefined 一律不展示，对齐微信留白 */
 export function getGenderIcon(sex?: number): string {
-  if (sex === 1) {
+  if (sex === SystemUserSexEnum.MALE) {
     return 'mdi:human-male'
   }
-  if (sex === 2) {
+  if (sex === SystemUserSexEnum.FEMALE) {
     return 'mdi:human-female'
   }
   return ''
@@ -323,10 +379,10 @@ export function getGenderIcon(sex?: number): string {
 
 /** 性别图标主题色：男蓝、女粉 */
 export function getGenderColor(sex?: number): string {
-  if (sex === 1) {
+  if (sex === SystemUserSexEnum.MALE) {
     return '#5b97f5'
   }
-  if (sex === 2) {
+  if (sex === SystemUserSexEnum.FEMALE) {
     return '#f56c92'
   }
   return ''